À´Ô´_²Ó¶«²ÆÎñ ·¢²¼ÈÕÆÚ:2024Äê01ÔÂ10ÈÕ
¸ôÀëÆÚ¼ä£¬¿ÉÒÔÖÕÖ¹ÀͶ¯ºÏͬÂð?
ÕªÒª£ºÖªÊ¶¾¼ÃÌõ¼þÏÂ,ÔÚÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹¹ý³ÌÖÐ,ÏȽø¼¼ÊõµÄÒý½ø¡¢ÎüÊպʹ´ÐÂÒÔ¼°ÏȽø¹ÜÀí·½Ê½µÄÔËÓö¼ÐèÒªÒÔ¸ßˮƽµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊԴΪǰÌá¡£ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄÖØÒªÐÔÈÕÒæÍ¹ÏÔ,³ÉΪӰÏìÆóÒµ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒªÒòËØ,ÊÇÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÓÐÁ¦±£ÕÏ¡£ºÏÀíÀûÓÿª·¢ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´,ʹ֮ΪÆóÒµ³¤¾Ã·¢Õ¹·þÎñ,ÊÇʵÏÖÆóÒµ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄ¹Ø¼ü¡£ ¹Ø¼ü´Ê£ºÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ ²ßÂÔ ÆóÒµ ·¢Õ¹ Ò»¡¢ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¶ÔÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒªÐÔ ÔÚо¼Ã»·¾³ÏÂ,ÈËÒѳÉΪÆóÒµ¾Óª¹ÜÀíµÄµÚÒ»ÒªËØ,ÆóÒµ¼äµÄ¾ºÕùÒ²³ÉΪÈ˲ŵľºÕù,֪ʶ¾¼Ãʱ´úµÄÖØÒªÌØÕ÷¾ÍÊÇÊг¡¾ºÕùµÄ½¹µãÒѾ´Ó×ʽðºÍ²úÆ··¢Æ±µÄ¾ºÕù×ªÒÆµ½È˲Å×ÊÔ´µÄ¾ºÕùÉÏ¡£¶ÔÏÖ´úÆóÒµÀ´Ëµ,ºËÐľºÕùÁ¦ÊÇÉú´æ¡¢·¢Õ¹µÄ»ù´¡,ÊǿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄԴȪ¡£ÆóÒµµÄºËÐľºÕùÁ¦´ÓʵÖÊÉÏÌåÏÖΪÄܹ»Ê¹ÆóÒµ±£³Ö¾ºÕùÓÅÊÆ,ʵÏֿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄºËÐÄÄÜÁ¦,¶øÆóÒµÄÜ·ñʵÏֿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄËùÓÐÒòËØ¶¼ÊÇÓëÆóÒµÈËÁ¦×ÊԴϢϢÏà¹ØµÄ¡£Á¼ºÃµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´×´¿öÔÚ¹¹³ÉÆóÒµ¾ºÕùÁ¦µÄ¸÷ÏîÒòËØÖоßÓÐÌØÊâµÄÖØÒªµØÎ»,Å䱸ÓÅÖʵÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÓÐÀûÓÚÌá¸ßÆóÒµÈ˲žºÕùÄÜÁ¦¡£ ¶þ¡¢ÆóÒµÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí²ßÂÔ ÓÉÓÚÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¶ÔÓÚÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒª×÷ÓÃ,³ä·ÖºÏÀíÀûÓÃÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´,ÒÑÖð½¥³ÉΪÆóÒµ¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÒªÈÎÎñ,¿ÆÑ§ÕýÈ·µÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí²ßÂÔ¶ÔÆóÒµÕ½ÂÔ·¢Õ¹µÄ×÷ÓÃÒ²Ô½À´Ô½ÒýÆð¹Ø×¢¡£ÏÖ´úÆóÒµÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÓ¦ÒÔÈËÁ¦×ÊԴΪÖÐÐÄ,ʵÏÖÆóÒµ×ÊÔ´µÄºÏÀíÅäÖÃ,°ÑÈË×÷Ϊ¾ßÓÐÄÚÔڵĽ¨ÉèÐÔDZÁ¦ÒòËØ,¿´×÷ÊǾö¶¨ÆóÒµÉú´æÓë·¢Õ¹µÄÌØÊâ×ÊÔ´¡£ÒªÎªÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´Ìṩ´´Ôì¸÷ÖÖÌõ¼þ,ʹÆäÖ÷¹ÛÄܶ¯ÐÔºÍ×ÔÉíÀͶ¯Ç±Á¦µÃÒÔ³ä·Ö·¢»Ó¡£´ÓÒÔÎïΪÖÐÐĵĹÜÀíתÏòÒÔÈËΪÖÐÐĵĹÜÀí,ÖØÊÓÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄ¿ª·¢ºÍͶÈë,×î´óÏ޶ȵØÌá¸ßÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÀûÓó̶È,´Ó¶øÊµÏÖÆóÒµºËÐľºÕùÁ¦Óë¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄ³¤Ô¶Ä¿±ê¡£ 1.ÖÆ¶¨ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´³¤Ô¶¹æ»® ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÓ¦¸ÃÒÔÆóÒµµÄÉúÃüÁ¦ºÍ¿É³ÖÐøÔö³¤,²¢±£³ÖÆóÒµµÄÓÀÔ¶·¢Õ¹Ç±Á¦ÎªÄ¿µÄ,Òª¸ù¾ÝÆóÒµµÄ³¤ÆÚ·¢Õ¹Õ½ÂÔºÍʵ¼ÊÐèÒª,ºÏÀíÖÆ¶¨ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¹æ»®¡£Òª¸ù¾ÝÆóÒµÒµÎñºÍËùÊôÐÐÒµÌØµãÀ´È·¶¨¿ÆÑ§µÄÔ±¹¤½á¹¹¹æ»®¡¢ÄÜÁ¦¹æ»®¡¢ÊýÁ¿¹æ»®,Ó¦Ã÷È·×ÔÉíµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´´æÁ¿ºÍδÀ´·¢Õ¹Ëù±ØÐèµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊԴȱ¿Ú,Ê÷Á¢ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¿ª·¢¹ÛÄî,×ñÑÐ§Òæ×î´ó»¯ÔÔò,È·¶¨ºÏÀíµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹æÄ£,ÔÚÈËÔ±½á¹¹ÉÏÒª¼æ¹Ë֪ʶ¡¢¾Ñé¡¢¼ÛÖµ¹ÛÄîµÈ·½ÃæÒòËØ,×¢ÖØÕûÌåЧӦ,ΪÆóÒµ¾ÓªÅ䱸±ØÐèµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´,ʼÖÕ±£³ÖÆóÒµÔ±¹¤¶ÓÎéµÄ»îÁ¦¡£ 2.ÖØÊÓÔ±¹¤½ÌÓýÅàѵ ÏÖ´úÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄʵÀý±íÃ÷,ÆóÒµÕ½ÂÔ·¢Õ¹Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÒÀÀµÓÚÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾µÄÄÜÁ¦,¶ø»ñµÃÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾ÔöÖµµÄ×îÖ±½ÓµÄ;¾¶¾ÍÊÇÅàѵ¡£ ½ÌÓýÅàѵÊÇÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÔöÖµµÄԴȪ,ÌáÉý¼¼ÊõÓë֪ʶÊÇÈËÁ¦×ÊԴͶ×ʵÄÖØÒªÈÎÎñ,ÊÇÆóÒµ×îÓÐÒâÒåµÄͶ×ÊÐÐΪ¡£¿ÆÑ§ÍêÉÆµÄÅàѵ½«²»¶ÏÌá¸ßÔ±¹¤µÄÒµÎñˮƽºÍ¼¼ÄÜ,´Ù½øËûÃÇÊÊÓ¦¼¼ÊõºÍ¾¼Ã»·¾³±ä¸ï,Ìá¸ß´¦ÀíÌôÕ½ÐÔÈÎÎñµÄÄÜÁ¦,ΪÆóÒµÕ½ÂÔÄ¿±êµÄʵÏֵ춨¼áʵµÄ»ù´¡¡£ Ŀǰ,ÆóÒµÔÚÅàѵÖÐÆÕ±é´æÔÚ×ÅÕë¶ÔÐÔ²»Ç¿¡¢ÐÎʽµ¥Ò»¡¢ÄÚÈÝ¿ÝÔïµÄ¹²ÐÔÎÊÌâ,ʹµÃÅàѵ²»ÄÜÂú×ãÆóÒµ³¤ÆÚ·¢Õ¹µÄÐèÒª,²»ÄÜÊÕµ½Ô¤ÆÚЧ¹û¡£´Ó·¢Õ¹µÄ¸ß¶È³ö·¢,ÆóÒµ¶ÔÔ±¹¤µÄ½ÌÓýÅàѵӦÊ÷Á¢³¤Ô¶µÄÕ½ÂÔ˼Ïë,ÖÆ¶¨¿ÆÑ§µÄ½ÌÓýÅàѵ¼Æ»®,ÕýÈ··ÖÎöÅàѵÐèÇó,̽Ë÷ÅàѵÐÎʽ,ÍØ¿íÅàѵÇþµÀ,½¨Á¢ºÍÍêÉÆÏµÍ³»¯¡¢¶à²ã´ÎµÄÅàѵÌåϵ,´´ÐÂÅàѵ·½Ê½,·á¸»ÅàѵÄÚÈÝ,ÓªÔìÇáËÉ¡¢»îÔ¾µÄÅàѵ»·¾³,ÔöÇ¿ÅàѵµÄÕë¶ÔÐÔ¡¢²ã´ÎÐÔ,½«Ö°¹¤µÄ¼¼ÄÜ¿ª·¢¡¢Åàѵ¡¢¿¼ºË»·½ÚÓëÆóÒµµÄÀͶ¯Óù¤Öƶȡ¢·ÖÅäÖÆ¶ÈÖ±½Ó¹Ò¹³,¹ÄÀøÔ±¹¤Ôö³¤ÖªÊ¶ºÍ¼¼ÄÜ,²»¶ÏÍêÉÆ×ÔÉíËØÖÊ,´Ó¶øÊÊÓ¦ÆóÒµ¾ÓªÐèÒª,ÍÆ¶¯ÆóÒµÌáÉý¾ºÕùÁ¦,È·±£ÔÚ½ÌÓýÅàѵÉϵÄͶÈëÄÜÌá¸ß¸öÈËÓë×éÖ¯µÄ¼¨Ð§,ʵÏÖÆóÒµÓëÔ±¹¤µÄ˫Ӯ¡£ 3.½¨Á¢½¡È«¼¤ÀøÖÆ¶È Ä¿Ç°,ÆóÒµ¾ºÕùµÄºËÐıíÏÖΪ¶ÔÈËÁ¦µÄ¾ºÕù,ÆóÒµÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÒªÈÎÎñÖ®Ò»¾ÍÊÇͨ¹ýÓÐЧµÄ¼¤Àø»úÖÆ,ÎüÒý¡¢¿ª·¢ºÍÁôסÈ˲Å,¼¤·¢È˲ŵŤ×÷»ý¼«ÐԺʹ´ÔìÐÔ¡£ ¹¤×ÊÓ븣ÀûÌõ¼þÊÇÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¼¤ÀøµÄÖØÒªÄÚÈÝ,¾ßÌåÀ´Ëµ,ÒªÌṩÁ¼ºÃµÄ¹¤×ʺ͸£Àû´ýÓö,½â¾öÔ±¹¤ºó¹ËÖ®ÓÇ,ÒªÌá¸ß±£½¡ºÍ±£Ïյȷ½ÃæÖØÊÓ;ÔÚ¹¤×Ê·ÖÅäÉÏ,ÒªÕýÊÓÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄ¼ÛÖµ,´òÆÆ·ÖÅäÖÐµÄÆ½¾ùÖ÷Òå,ʵÐа´¸Ú¶¨³ê¡¢°´Òµ¼¨¶¨³ê,ʵÏÖ¼¨Ð§¹Ò¹³¡£ÔÚ¹¤×Ê·ÖÅäÉÏ,²ÉÓù̶¨¹¤×ʺͼ¨Ð§¹¤×ÊÏà½áºÏµÄ°ì·¨,¼¨Ð§¹¤×ÊÓë¸öÈËÒµ¼¨¡¢ÆóÒµÐ§Òæ¹Ò¹³¡£ ÖµµÃÖØÊÓµÄÊÇ,¶ÔÓÚÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄ¼¤Àø²»½öÔÚÓÚÎïÖʼ¤Àø,¸üÔÚÓÚʵÏÖÆä×ÔÉí¼ÛÖµ²ãÃæµÄ¾«Éñ¼¤Àø¡£Òª½¨Á¢¿ÆÑ§ºÏÀíµÄÓÃÈËÖÆ¶È,ºÏÀíÅäÖÃÈ˲Å,Á˽âÔ±¹¤Ëù³¤,ʹԱ¹¤ÄÜÔÚ×Ô¼ºÊʺϵĸÚλ×î´óÏ޶ȵط¢»Ó×Ô¼ºµÄ²ÅÄÜ¡£ÔÚÓÃÈË·½Ãæ,Òª¸ü¶à¹Ø×¢ºËÐÄÈ˲Å,¶ÔºËÐÄÈ˲ÅÒª¸øÓè³ä·ÖµÄÐÅÈÎ,¸ÒÓÚ·ÅÊÖÈÃËûÃdzе£¹¤×÷ÔðÈÎ,ΪËûÃǵÄ×ÔÉí³É³¤ºÍÒµÎñ³É¾ÍµÄÌáÉý´´ÔìÁ¼ºÃµÄ»·¾³,´î½¨Õ¹ÏֲŻª¡¢·¢Õ¹ÊÂÒµµÄÎę̀¡£ ¼¤ÀøÖƶÈÊǼ¤ÀøÔ±¹¤¸öÈËÐÐΪ,·¢¾òÔ±¹¤Ç±Äܵľ޴ó¶¯Á¦,ºÏÀí¶øÓÐЧµØÀûÓü¤Àø»úÖÆ,¶ÔÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹ÓÐ×Åʰ빦±¶µÄЧ¹û¡£ 4.´óÁ¦ÍƽøÆóÒµÎÄ»¯½¨Éè ÆóÒµÎÄ»¯ÊÇ¶ÔÆóÒµ¾«ÉñµÄ¸ß¶È¸ÅÀ¨,ÕÑʾ×ÅÆóÒµµÄǰ½øÄ¿±êÓë·½Ïò¡£ÔÚ֪ʶ¾¼Ãʱ´ú,¶ÔÆóÒµÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄ¹ÜÀí²»ÄܺöÊÓ¹¹½¨ÆóÒµÎÄ»¯¡£ÓÅÐãµÄÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Äܹ»´Ù½øÔ±¹¤²»¶Ï¸üмÛÖµ¹ÛÄî¡¢µ÷Õû֪ʶ½á¹¹¡¢ÌáÉý֪ʶ²ã´ÎºÍÇ¿»¯¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦,ʹÆäÔÚ±£³Ö»ý¼«ÏòÉϵŤ×÷̬¶ÈµÄͬʱ,Ç¿»¯ÍŶÓÒâʶºÍÐ×÷¾«Éñ¡£Í¬Ê±,Ô±¹¤´´ÔìÐԵķ¢»ÓÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÒ²µÃÒæÓÚ»ý¼«½¡¿µµÄÆóÒµÎÄ»¯·ÕΧ¡£Í¨¹ýÆóÒµÎÄ»¯½¨Éè,ÐÎ³ÉÆóÒµµÄ¹²Í¬¼ÛÖµ¹ÛÄîÓë¶ÀÌØµÄÍŶÓÎÄ»¯,¿ÉÒÔÓÐЧÎȶ¨Ô±¹¤¶ÓÎé,ÔöÇ¿ÆóÒµµÄÄý¾ÛÁ¦ºÍÔ±¹¤µÄÈÏͬ¸Ð¡¢¹éÊô¸Ð,ʹ֮»ý¼«²ÎÓëÆóÒµ¹ÜÀí,ÈÚÈëÆóÒµ·¢Õ¹²¢×Ô¾õΪÆóÒµ×ö¹±Ï×,³ä·Ö·¢»ÓÈ˲Å×÷ÓÃ,´Ù½øÆóÒµ¸÷Ïî¹ÜÀíÖ°ÄܵÄʵÏÖ,ÒÔ¼°ÆóÒµ¼¯ÌåЧÂʵķ¢»Ó¡£ ²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×: [1]ÕÅÎÄÏÍ,ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ [F],ËÄ´¨:ËÄ´¨ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉç,2005. [2]ºúµÂÁú,ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´Ó뾼÷¢Õ¹:ÀíÂÛÓëʵ֤ [F],Äϲý:½Î÷ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉç,2008. [3]½¯ÔËͨ,ÆóÒµÕ½ÂÔ¹ÜÀí:ÀíÂÛ¡¢¹ý³ÌÓëʵ¼ù [F],±±¾©:ÆóÒµ¹ÜÀí³ö°æÉç,2006. [4]ÏòÏÔºþ,ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´²ÆÎñÂÛ »ùÓÚÆóÒµÖ÷ÌåµÄÒ»¸ö»ù±¾¿ò¼Ü [F],±±¾©:¾¼Ã³ö°æÉç,2005. [5]¼ÓÀï µÂ˹ÀÕÈËÀà×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí[m]±±¾©:ÈËÃñ´óѧ³ö°æÉç,1999. ¡¾¡¿ ÔðÈα༣ºÀÏA ¹úÓÐÆóÒµÈçºÎÁôסÓÅÐãÈ˲Å
¡¾ÎÊÌâ¡¿µç×Ó˰Îñ¾ÖÖÐÈçºÎ²É¼¯·¿²ú˰µÄ˰ԴÐÅÏ¢£¿¡¾»Ø´ð¡¿µã»÷¡¾ÎÒÒª°ì˰¡¿¡ª¡¾Ë°·ÑÉ걨¼°½ÉÄÉ¡¿¡ª¡¾²Æ²úºÍÐÐΪ˰ºÏ²¢É걨¡¿¡ª¡¾²Æ²úºÍÐÐΪ˰ÄÉ˰É걨¡¿£¬µã»÷·¿²ú˰ºó·½µÄ¡¾Ë°Ô´²É¼¯¡¿£¬²É¼¯½çÃæ´ø³ö·¿Ô´ÐÅÏ¢£¬µã»÷ºó·½µÄ¡¾Î¬»¤Ã÷ϸÐÅÏ¢¡¿£¬ÆóÒµ¾ÝʵÌîд·¿Ô´´Ó¼Û»òÊÇ´Ó×âµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬¡¾±£´æ¡¿³É¹¦ºó£¬¡¾Ìø×ªÉ걨¡¿¼´¿É¡£Í¼Ê¾Ö¸ÒýÈçÏÂÒ»¡¢ÎÒÒª°ì˰¡ªË°·ÑÉ걨¼°½ÉÄÉ¡£¶þ¡¢Ë°·ÑÉ걨¼°½ÉÄÉ¡ªÉ걨Çå²á¡ª°´ÆÚÓ¦É걨¡ª²Æ²úºÍÐÐΪ˰ºÏ²¢É걨¡£Èý¡¢²Æ²úºÍÐÐΪ˰ÄÉ˰É걨¡£ËÄ¡¢µã»÷·¿²ú˰ºó·½µÄ¡¾Ë°Ô´²É¼¯¡¿¡£Îå¡¢²É¼¯½çÃæ´ø³ö·¿Ô´ÐÅÏ¢£¬µã»÷ºó·½µÄ¡¾Î¬»¤Ã÷ϸÐÅÏ¢¡¿£¬ÆóÒµ¾ÝʵÌîд·¿Ô´´Ó¼Û»òÊÇ´Ó×âµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬¡¾±£´æ¡¿³É¹¦ºó£¬¡¾Ìø×ªÉ걨¡¿¼´¿É¡£¸ü¶àÍÆ¼ö£º »·±£Ë°Ë°Ô´ÈçºÎ²É¼¯£¿